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- User Accounts and Access Control
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This chapter is from the book Mac OS X Security
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
User Accounts and Access Control
One of the driving principles of information security is the idea of Least Privilege. Least Privilege is the concept that an entity should be given only the fewest possible rights to perform its required activity and no more. For instance, if a user only needs to surf the Internet, he does not need the capability to change the system's IP address or add new users. By giving a user more access than he requires, you are opening the door to, at the very least, system instability and possibly security compromises. Unfortunately, most modern operating systems were not designed from the ground up to adhere to Least Privilege. Usability and extensibility won the day. Locking down users to a small subset of commands is a difficult job. Thinking about what your users need to accomplish and being diligent with systems configuration will drive up the security of your systems.
When Mac OS X is first installed on a host, a user is created with administrator privileges. This user has a great deal of control of the workstation, either directly through the various System Preferences panes or through other mechanisms such as sudo. Mac OS X attempts to limit the direct access this administrative user has by requiring an administrative password be supplied when an especially sensitive activity is performed. For example, when installing a third-party application that needs to modify your network stack, Mac OS X will launch an authentication screen to verify the activity. When launching commands through the Terminal program sudo, you are prompted for a password as well.
However, there are still a great number of activities that an admin user can perform that you may not want to allow everyone to do. Mac OS X comes with a robust user creation utility that allows you to have a reasonable amount of control over what users can and cannot do. If someone other than yourself will use your host, for example, a coworker or relative, it is advisable to create a user account specifically for that person which grants only the access they require.
Role Accounts
A role account is an account that multiple people use to gain access to a host. Role accounts are common in an office environment where a group of individuals require the same type of access. For example, everyone in finance may use the finance account to connect to an ftp server. Although this simplifies account management, it makes tracking illicit use very difficult. Every person accessing a system should have his or her own unique account. This provides a more complete audit trail for you to examine when something bad happens to the machine.
The Users tab in the Accounts System Preferences pane controls all user accounts on the system. Adding a new user is as simple as clicking New User and filling in all the required fields (see Figure 3.8). The Name field is what is commonly known in the UNIX world as the GECOS field. This should contain the user's full name and any relevant contact information. The Short Name field corresponds to the UNIX username. When filling in the password field, be sure to use a strong password. A strong password is not guessable and should contain a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters. Be sure the user changes her password when she first logs on to the host.
Figure 3.8 Adding a new user.
Leave the Password Hint field blank. As mentioned before this will be of great help to an attacker and should be disabled for the login screen. If need be, give the user administration privileges, but only do so if absolutely required. Also, you can allow the user to log in from a Windows host via SMB. This enables SMB access for the entire host and grants that user access to his or her files on the system. Again, only grant this access if it is required for your network. For more information on SMB and other network services, see Chapter 6, 'Internet Services.'
After the user has been added to the system you can further limit his access by clicking Capabilities in the Accounts pane. This allows for fine-grained control over what the user can and cannot do on the host. You can control whether the user can modify system settings, burn CDs, or even launch certain programs. Note that the Capabilities button is not available if the new user has administrator privileges. There is an option to enable the Simple Finder for the user. Simple Finder allows you to limit what applications a user can see. By selecting applications in the Applications list view, Simple Finder will only display the allowed applications. Also, Simple Finder can only open documents containing the users Documents folder in their Home. The Simple Finder cannot open ordinary folders.
The underlying mechanism that controls user accounts is not the standard UNIX /etc/password architecture. NetInfo is a distributed user management system that is employed by Mac OS X for authentication and authorization issues. When making changes to a user, you are really making the changes to the NetInfo database. For more information on NetInfo see NetInfo in Chapter 10, 'Directory Services.' The UNIX /etc/password construct is used by Mac OS X only in the event of booting to single user mode.
Limiting Access Is Hard to Do
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Restricting access to a subset of programs is not always bulletproof. Remember Bruce's mischievous coworkers who were constantly breaking into each other's workstations? Well, they were also finding ways to break through various restrictions on their user accounts imposed on them based on Least Privilege. Through the sudo tool they were granted rights to the UNIX editor vi so they could edit various sensitive system files when needed. However, vi could be used to view files they were not supposed to view. It was also able to launch other programs from within itself. So using the higher privilege level of the vi process, they could run other programs which were not explicitly allowed to them under sudo.
The problem was due to transitivity of trust from sudo to vi to other external programs. By giving them explicit rights to use vi, sudo was actually giving them rights to all the programs on the host. Luckily, rather than be malicious about the excess trust, they used it as a tool to learn more about locking down user accounts. One of them would modify sudo to further limit access while still allowing everyone to do their jobs and the rest of them would try to break out of the little 'jail' that was created. It taught them the good and bad about Least Privilege and trying to enforce it.
Remember, just because a user does not have explicit access to a program through his account does not mean he will not find a way to access it.
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Remote access to Mac, anywhere
Get Screens and work across multiple remote Macs.
While many countries are on a lockdown due to COVID-19, remote work is becoming a lifestyle. Remotely accessing a Mac is designed to be easy. Apple has spent a lot of time ensuring anyone can log in to their Macs — both desktop and laptop — from any other Mac device, anywhere. And, besides, there are a variety of third-party apps ready to help with that too.
Still, remotely managing their Mac sounds overly complicated to a lot of people. From how you connect to sharing files or screens to using your Apple device as a remote mouse, we want to demystify the process in the easy-to-follow guide below.
Best Remote Access Apps for Mac
There are times when you want to access your Mac remotely, and there are many different solutions to remote access your Mac. Best utilities in one pack, give it a go!
How to access your Mac from another location
There're two ways: you can allow remote login to your Mac from another computer, or allow others to access your computer using Remote Desktop (it's available from the App Store).
Allow remote login to your Mac from another computer
For devices using the same macOS, you can allow remote Mac login using a Secure Shell (SSH). This enables Mac remote desktop access using a Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
To set up Remote Login:
- Go to System Preferences > Sharing
- Select Remote Login.
- Choose which users you want to have remote access or the ability to control your Mac.
![Mac os x iso Mac os x iso](/uploads/1/1/8/9/118945856/445633932.jpg)
You can either select All Users, which means any other device on your network, or any Mac you own, can access and connect, or click the plus sign to pick the exact users.
Ms Access For Mac Os X
When you want to remotely log in to your Mac from another device, you need to know your username (the name that appears when you login) and your computer's IP address. Write them down and keep them safe, as allowing access to your Mac does make it potentially less secure, especially over cellular or public Wi-Fi networks.
Accessing, controlling, or viewing information on your Mac can be done with a built-in Terminal or any other SSH app using your username and IP address.
Allow others to access your computer using Apple Remote Desktop
With macOS remote Mac access and control is even easier. To set up it:
- Go to Menu > System Preferences > Sharing
- Select Remote Management - it should appear as a checkbox.
- Now you can select who has remote desktop access. Either select, All Users, which means any other device on your network, or Mac you own, can access and connect, or click the Add button(+), which gives you the ability to select who can have remote access and/or control.
If you are using a VPN or VNC viewer and want to access your Mac remotely, you will need to setup a password first. It is also possible to use iOS devices, such as an iPhone and iPad, through Apple Remote Desktop, available from the App Store.
How to stay on the same page with Screens
Collaboration has become of utmost importance to today's workplaces. And with more and more people working remotely, being on the same screen (ahem, page) is a must.
Screens allows you to work remotely with any computer regardless of your location. Whether you are on a business trip or traveling, stay confident knowing you can access any file on your home computer at any time.
This robust screen sharing tool for Mac supports:
- Multiple displays
- Drag-and-drop file sharing
- Hiding your remote screen while accessing it
- Accessing other computers (e.g. colleague's) as a guest
- Alternative shortcuts (useful when connecting Mac to PC)
- Custom actions in case of disconnection
To start using Screens, get the app from Setapp and configure the following:
- Remote login and remote management (as per the guide above)
- Install Screens Connect helper app and create a Screens ID on every machine you'd like to connect to in the future
- Use your Screens ID in the Screens app and it will automatically determine which of your computers are available for connection
Remote desktop client for Mac
Control any computer remotely – a perfect way to access your Mac from anywhere without limitations.
Share files between devices
Today we have plenty of ways to send and share files. But ask someone to send something, and you are likely to get it through email. Due to the ubiquitousness of email, it's still the default method for file sharing, despite its obvious flaws and constraints.
Fortunately, there are much better ways:
Native macOS File Sharing
Few people know that their Mac has native file sharing functionality built in. To use this feature, activate it in the Sharing pane of System Preferences by checking File Sharing. If you only want to share specific folders, add them to the Shared Folders list. If you only want specific users to access the folder, add them to its Users list. Otherwise, everyone will be able to access it.
Choose accordingly for your needs. Video gif converter for mac.
AirDrop
Although not the most reliable solution, AirDrop works fine for occasional sharing a file between Apple devices. In the Finder, choose Go and then AirDrop on both the sending and receiving Mac. As soon as you see the receiver's user icon, drag the desired file onto it to send.
Read more about how to use AirDrop
Dropshare
If you don't want to send files Mac-to-Mac directly but rather through a cloud storage, there is no easier way than Dropshare. The app works with numerous cloud providers, from Dropbox to Google Drive, and saves your files for sharing by simply dragging them onto its menu bar icon.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Apple Mac Os X
The most technical but also the most robust way to share files from your mac is to use FTP, which you could do either through Terminal or an FTP Client, the latter being much more user friendly.
There are a few popular FTP clients one could choose from. The robust file managing app ForkLift covers most of the FTP functionality but takes it to the next level and could be a viable replacement for the Finder altogether with its quick search, instant previews, and file comparison.
Remote Access For Mac Os X
DCommander is another full-featured file transfer app for Mac that combines speed and reliability, able to handle thousands of files, schedule backups, and even automate transfers.
At last, when it comes to sharing the same files on different devices, an app like ChronoSync Express becomes invaluable.
ChronoSync Express is powerful tool for sharing and transferring files from Mac to Mac, or any another Apple device. With a feature called Synchronizer Document, you can select which files need to be automatically synchronized and shared between devices, just like that:
- Create a new synchronizer document for each folder synchronization you'd like to perform
- Name the synchronization
- Change the Operation to Synchronize Bidirectional
- Select folders to sync on the left and right
- Test with a Trial Sync
Do you need to use a VPN (Virtual Private Network)?
Access Mac Os X Partition From Windows
Whether you are working on your Mac directly, logging into your Mac remotely, or sharing access with someone else, security should be on top of your mind.
As a rule of thumb, you should always use a VPN when connected to a public Wi-Fi network, as someone could log in and see the information you send just as easily as you do.
And with remote access — even in the View Only mode — someone can see every file and document on your Mac, except those that are password protected. Unfortunately, if you leave passwords in a visible document, you expose yourself to immense risks.
A secure VPN client for Mac like Shimo is well worth using to stop unwanted eyes from lurking around, especially if you are sharing sensitive files, financial records or customer data.
However, for extra peace of mind and security, consider firing up your VPN automatically on all networks you are not 100% sure about to keep your emails, bank accounts and personal documents safe.
To share your Mac with someone else, download a remote Virtual Network Computing (VNC) app like Jump Desktop. With full remote access and Mac remote control, the other person — or yourself connecting to another Mac — can have the same level of control as the person using that device. Except for Admin level access, since it's password protected.
Starting with Jump Desktop is easy: either yourself (gaining access) or the person you are giving a remote view or control access to your Mac, needs to add details of the device and the password.
Direct Access For Mac Os X
Secure your access with VPN
Get a VPN client for Mac to avoid privacy infringement while connecting remotely. It's secure and free to try.
Once permission is granted at the other end, remote Mac screen sharing or control (whereby you can use the iOS device as a remote mouse) becomes possible.
How to use your iOS device as a remote mouse
If your remote work starts on a patio hammock somewhere in east Asia, you should note that Apple iOS devices, such as an iPhone or iPad, can be used to control a Mac remotely, much like a mouse can control a desktop or laptop. Apps that make this possible work on VNC.
Remote Mouse is the easiest, most effective way to turn your iOS device into a wireless remote control for your Mac.
Although remote access through a local network would be most effective, since the closer you are to the device the quicker the connection, it's also possible from anywhere in the world, providing the network is secure and fast enough.
Setting up and granting access to the iOS device is the same process as when someone wants to access using a Mac. Except you need to give them a password. And make sure it is different from your primary Mac or iOS (App Store) one.
So working together or checking on your devices can be done from anywhere in the world and there are lots of ways to do that, from sharing screens and files to having complete access to a system set up far away. Setapp equips you with all the apps needed to remotely access any device you need and elevate your work to the global level.
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Microsoft Access For Mac Os X
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